The Individuals with Disability Education Act Policy...

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), which is a supersession of the Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 is a federal law which requires states and their school districts to provide individuals with disabilities a free and appropriate education. IDEA governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education and related services to more than 6.5 million eligible infants, toddlers, children and youth with disabilities. US Department Of Education (n.d.) The population that IDEA intends to effect is children between the ages of three and twenty one years of age who have a specific disability that has an adverse effect on the student’s performance. Children who qualify under IDEA are†¦show more content†¦In 1970 the educational needs of children with disabilities were not being met. Access to education and opportunities to learn were denied. In the United States, many states had schools that educated only one in five children with disabilities and many states had laws that excluded certain children with disabilities such as deaf, blind, emotionally disturbed or mentally retarded. US Department Of Education Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 also known as Public Law 94-142 (P.L. 94-142) required a free and appropriate education to be provided to all children, regardless of their disability. This law also authorized financial incentives to enable states and localities to comply. In 1986, there was an amendment to the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975. This amendment provided a more comprehensive program at the state level for early intervention for infants and preschoolers. Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology In 1990, Congress reauthorized P.L. 94-142 and renamed it the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Public Law 101-476 (P.L. 101-476), also known as IDEA. With this new revision, new services were added. The word handicap was replaced with disability. It also mandated transition planning to help students transition from high school to community participation,Show MoreRelatedThe Social Class Of Museum Learners During The 19th Century848 Words   |  4 Pagesdisadvantaged individuals with disabilities were excluded from the scope that the museum considered as its pubic audience. Thus, the definition of the public introduced by 19th-century museums was narrower than that of today. Interest toward the marginalized minority started to rise due to the civil rights movement in the late 1960s, and museums started to provide education to them accordingly. American cultural policy needs to be understood through the framework of public-private sector policies, the diversityRead MoreSupport Services Available For People Living With Disabilities809 Words   |  4 Pagesliving with disabilities. It is important these services are in place to ensure disabled people have the same opportunities as everyone else. The Equality Act was put into place in 2010 to ‘support the rights of disabled students by giving greater legal protection against discrimination’. (Disability Rights UK, 2012) The act emphasises the legal duty on education providers, employers and service providers to make appropriate changes in order for disabled people to take part in education, use servicesRead MoreSpecial Education Policy. Morgan Gill. Grand Canyon University.1284 Words   |  6 Pages Special Education Policy Morgan Gill Grand Canyon University EDU 535 Instructor: Kimber Underdown March 1, 2017 Special Education Policy There have been several reforms in the past 100 years that have had an influential effect on policy in special education. Some of these changes have left a positive legacy for future education legislators to build from while others have been detrimental to a student’s educational success. All having positive and negative outcomes, some of theseRead MoreAcross The Nation Employment Rates Are Holding Steady For1696 Words   |  7 Pagesemployment rates are holding steady for individuals with intellectual disabilities and no progress is being made to increase those percentages. Disability employee opportunities are not fair and lacking equity. The problem is that people with intellectual and developmental disabilities have a difficult time trying to receive employment opportunities. There are numerous factors that attribute to the cause of this issue, which include individuals with disabilities can only attain lower wage jobs, discriminationRead MoreIdentify the Current Legislat ion and Codes of Practice to the Promotion of Equality and Valuing of Diversity.1402 Words   |  6 PagesEvery school must produce a range of policies which formally set out guidelines and procedures for ensuring equality. These policies must take account the rights of all children and young people. The policies in place work to ensure equality and inclusion; this can be conducted through the teaching and learning that occurs in the setting. However, the policies must also pay regard to the values and practice which are part of all aspects of school life. All work with children should be underpinnedRead MoreThe Individuals With Disabilities Education Act Essay1666 Words   |  7 PagesThe Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, which originally began as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (EHA), was created to ensure a free and appropriate public education to children with disabilities. This policy was implemented in an effort to provide equal access to education for all. Prior to 1975, the needs of children with disabilities were highly overlooked. According to the Department of Education, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services (2010)Read MoreGuidelines For The Accommodation Of Service Dogs1723 Words   |  7 Pages Term Project EDA 6232: SPRING 2017: Law and Ethics in Education Leadership April 17, 2017 Rhonda Howell Proposed Policy/Procedure for the Accommodation of Service Dogs in K-12 Schools University of North Florida Policy/Procedure Proposal: Service Dogs This policy is a proposed policy to govern service dogs within the district. In Fry v. Napoleon Community Schools, there was no policy or guidelines for implementing service dogs as an accommodation for students. IDEA requiresRead MoreNeeds of Diverse Students1384 Words   |  6 Pageschildren is essential to special education. Once a child has been diagnosis with a disability or multiple disabilities, a plan of care is initiated according to the severity of their condition and their needs. This plan is individualized; one child’s diagnosis is not a reflection of the wide range conditions that affect many children. Intellectual disabilities can be mild to profound, can be caused by different factors and can have a different impact on a student’s education and adult life. (HardmanRead MoreSchool District Policy Analysis: Schools Responsibility of Disabled Children629 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿While individual school districts across the United States are autonomou s entities granted with the legal authority to establish policy guidelines and sanctions for violation of these rules, each district must also comply with federal education mandates. One of these national programs, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), is designed to preserve the rights of disabled children by extending them additional protections and services within the public education sector. The local GreeneRead MoreDevelopmental Disability1033 Words   |  5 Pagessigned the Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act. President Clinton built upon the legislation written during earlier decades , to improve services for people with developmental disabilities. This act helped support people with disabilities in pursuing paid work, and highlighted the importance of integration and upkeep in accessible technology. https://www.acl.gov/about-acl/authorizing-statutes/developmental-disabilities-assistance-and-bill-rights-act-2000 Four years later in

A Widow for One Year by John Irving - 1024 Words

A Widow for One Year by John Irving is comical as well as disturbing, a love story with intense emotional force. It is a brilliant novel about the passage of time, the persistence of grief, and the loss of innocence that occurs over time, which is why it would be a great fit for the American Literature curriculum. The Cole family stands out as a paradigm of dysfunction. Ted and Marian Cole, Ruth’s parents, never recovered from the deaths of their two sons, Timothy and Thomas, leaving them weary and broken. Their instability laid the groundwork for a life full of infidelity and a dysfunctional family situation. The novel is set in the mid to late 20th-century. It is full of bizarre coincidences, multiple plot lines, lengthy deviations, and stories within stories, quite like A Visit from the Goon Squad. Although it is set up in chronological order, the reader is exposed to various stories from three set periods in the life of the main character, Ruth Cole. The story begins in childhood and ends in womanhood, taking us through the transitions of Ruth’s life. The novel begins in the summer of 1958, on Long Island when Ruth is only four years old. In the first line of the novel, Ruth has a piece of her innocence stripped from her when she walks in to find her mother in bed with her lover. The narrative states that â€Å"There are few things as seemingly untouched by the real world as a child asleep† (151). Although she has seen what no child should see at her age, she is stillShow MoreRelatedPoe s A Hard Nut For Criticism1561 Words   |  7 PagesIt is a pleasant task to estima te Irving or Bryant, but Poe offers a hard nut for criticism to crack. The historian is baffled by an author who secretes himself in the shadow, or perplexed by conflicting biographies, or put on the defensive by the fact that any positive judgment or opinion of Poe will almost certainly be challenged. At the outset, therefore, we are to assume that Poe is one of the most debatable figures in our literature. His life may be summed up as a pitiful struggle for a littleRead MoreThe Life and Lasting Influence of Bessie Smith:1735 Words   |  7 PagesShe was also one of the greatest Blues singers of the 1920s. The road that took her to the title â€Å"Empress of the Blues† was not an easy one. It was certainly not one of the romantic rags to riches tales that Horatio Alger made popular during her time. For a young black woman from the South the journey was anything but easy, and it would require a special kind of person, and Bessie Smith was definitely that. She was a woman who fought for what she believed in and backed down to no one. She had a boundlessRead MoreThe Molly Maguires Essay2074 Words   |  9 Pagespotatoes. In the 1840s, the potato crop was ruined by blight, and the Irish died of starvation by the thousands. Those who could came to the United States. During the 1820s, only fifty-two thousand Irish had come to the United States, but in the nine years from 1846 to 1854, 1.2 million Irish left their homeland and sought a better life in America. The Irish, who were mostly Catholic, came to a country that was overwhelmingly Protestant. The result was a head-on collision. The Irish experienced discriminationRead MoreEssay Edgar Allan Poe3220 Words   |  13 PagesAllan Poe The boundaries which divide Life and Death are at best shadowy and vague. Who shall say where one ends, and where the other begins? Edgar Allan Poe, The Premature Burial (Bartlett, 642). To venture into the world of Edgar Allan Poe is to embark on a journey to a land filled with perversities of the mind, soul, and body. The joyless existence carved out by his writings is one of lost love, mental anguish, and the premature withering of his subjects. Poe wrote in a style that characterizedRead More Biography of Edgar Allan Poe Essay11890 Words   |  48 Pagesengagement in a Boston theatre, and the appearances of both, together with their sojourns in various places during their wandering careers, are to be plainly traced in the play bills of the time. Paternal Ancestry The father of the poet was one David Poe of Baltimore, Maryland, who had left the study of the law in that city to take up a stage career contrary to the desire of his family. The Poes had settled in America some two or three generations prior to the birth of Edgar. Their line isRead MoreJames Madison and the Slavery Issue Essay2515 Words   |  11 Pages The Revolutionary period of the United States was a time filled with much turmoil and confusion as to how this newly found nation, should be modeled. Many delicate issues were discussed and planned out to get the best outcome for all concerned. One of these issues that cast an ominous shadow over the new republic was the slavery issue. Some of the most prominent figures at the head of this nation wanted to bring about an end to it but continuously failed due to the inconvenience of finding aRead MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 PagesThe Studio System Key point about the studio system could be: Despite being one of the biggest industries in the United States, indeed the World, the internal workings of the dream factory that is Hollywood is little understood outside the business. The Hollywood Studio System: A History is the first book to describe and analyse the complete development, classic operation, and reinvention of the global corporate entities which produce and distribute most ofRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work

Essay on Personal Experience The Co-Founder of Room to Read

Hi, my name is Mary Doe , and I am a co-founder of Room to Read. Let me tell you a little bit about myself. I have always loved to read. In fact, Dr. Seuss’s children’s books were my favourite and I still keep them in my shelves today. Reading filled my imagination and gave me inspiration since childhood that still impacts me today. I can only think of a few things that are more powerful than a book. Though many of the people around us enjoy the luxury of having access to libraries and books everyday, that is not the case for the vast majority of people around the world. Please consider the following statistics: 759 million people cannot read or write 98% live in the developing world 2/3 are girls and women This is†¦show more content†¦It became the next big chapter in my life. It was a simple idea. We started off by partnering with schools to establish public libraries. We printed off books so we made sure the children had a print safe environment for learning. We trained teachers so that we make sure the children receive a proper education that is appropriate in both intellectual and cultural context. We also encouraged and helped girls stay in school and receive proper educations that they deserve as a human right as a lot of girls in many third world countries do not. I think this quote by Nelson Mandela describes education perfectly. â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.† – Nelson Mandela Room to Read motto: World change starts with educated children One of our programs that we first developed was: Language Publication Program It was a risk we took when we first launched this program The challenge in the developing world that we heard from is that the children wanted more books that are in the local language from the local cultures. But when we went to find these books in the local markets, we could not find any to buy. So how do we provide culturally relevant and sensitive books for children? We train local teachers and illustrators to create quality books that are both culturally and contextually relevant for children. The best part about these books, isShow MoreRelatedSteve Jobs Biography1013 Words   |  5 Pagesinventor. You might know him as the Chief Executive Officer of Apple Inc., however he was also the chairman, and one of the co-founders. He was mostly recognized through Apple Inc. as the â€Å"charismatic† pioneer of the personal computer revolution and for his inspirational involvement in the consumer electronics and computer field. Also, unbeknownst to most, Jobs was also a co-founder and chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios and also, in 2006 when Disney bought out Pixar, became a part of the boardRead MoreVirtual World1568 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst person shooter game. Maze first brought us the concept of online players as eyeball avatars chasing each other around in a maze.† 1978 MUD was released, it however was not 3D, it was text-based and used a TELNET program(communities chat rooms) WorldsAway, a prototype interactive communities featuring a virtual world. Cityspace, an educational networking and 3D computer graphics project for children, The Palace%20/%20The%20Palace%20(computer%20program)), a 2-dimensional community drivenRead MoreThe, Pastoral And Spiritual Care1745 Words   |  7 Pagesto chaplaincy, especially if staff and patients don’t associate themselves with a faith. These thoughts have come about due to my experience in working as a ‘Muslim’ chaplain in Newcastle and Northumbria Universities, and as a ‘Chaplain’ in the NHS. In these positions that I have worked in, I have found positive and negative reactions to my Job title. In my experience I have found this to be due to association with a faith. I have found myself more flexible in my work as a generic chaplain in theRead MoreHow Do People Act When The Wifi Goes Down? Essay1587 Words   |  7 Pagesaddiction. An addiction by definition forms an uncontrollable desire, it can prevent someone from their work, studies, health, and relationships. Humans who suffer from addiction experience extreme discomfort if their addict ive needs are not readily satisfied. How do people act when the wifi goes down? Nir Eyal, a startup founder and author of Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products, told Live Science that Facebook hooks people with a few different elements: â€Å"a trigger, such as loneliness, boredomRead MoreMobile Application And Social Media1632 Words   |  7 PagesI bet you wish you could swipe left to not have to read this paper? Or maybe with that first sentence I have intrigued you to swipe right and keep reading? I am of course finding some humor in the left or right swipes, based on Tinder, the dating app that allows its users to swipe through thousands of photos a day to meet new people. Whether or not you have used Tinder, there s a great chance that you have heard about it, or know someone who has used it. This mobile application is self proclaimedRead Moreairbnb case7518 Words   |  31 PagesBrian Chesky, Joe Gebbia, and Nathan Blecharczyk, the three founders of Airbnb, an online private accommodation rental market, stared at each other across the kitchen table in their San Francisco apartment. It was March of 2009. A single sheet of paper sat on the table in front of them. The three founders were on the verge of finishing the three month program at Y Combinator (YC), a business accelerator located in Mountain View, CA. Founders spent 12 weeks at YC building what were typically web-enabledRead MoreChanging Culture at Pizza Hut6434 Words   |  26 Pageshelped communicate the changes discussed in this article. The authors would like to acknowledge the constructive comments made by Steve Arneson, Leon Avery, Chris Koski, Mike Rawlings and Don, and Leslie Ritter. 319 to support the change, as the experience of Pizza Hut demonstrates. THE SPIN-OFF AND PIZZA HUT Started in 1958 by the Carney brothers, Dan and Frank, Pizza Hut played a major role in turning pizza from an Italian specialty into a mass-market, mainstream food. Pizza Hut had developed aRead MoreDiversity: Women in the Boardroom3076 Words   |  13 Pagescarry corruption, dishonesty and are not fair to anyone. This thought is driven by boardroom nature of a small group who are self-selected. Vacancies in a boardroom are predominately filled with people that look just like the people already in the room. Recently management has encountered pressures to make short-term decisions without long-term consideration. To address what makes a good boardroom, I believe not only the ability to make superb judgements for the bottom line of an organizationRead MoreCollege Essay : College Is Knowledge, Not Success1756 Words   |  8 Pagesdepending on the person can last a number of years, becomes the final journey before one enters the world as a fully-independent adult, and if the deg ree track a person takes results in unemployment or a jump that isn’t financially stable the college experience becomes pointless. In fact, in 2012 the unemployment rate for recent college graduates was 44% (Jordan). However, the biggest problem arises from another financial standpoint. Over the past thirty years, tuition and the total value of colleges haveRead MoreRecreation, Wellness, And Leisure2399 Words   |  10 PagesA. Gaskins wrote â€Å"Employee Recreation represents a unique departmentally sponsored program designed to improve recruitment, retention, enjoyment, enthusiasm and commitment among student employees. It is popular and fun for employees but also has personal management advantages, strong marketing implications, and administrative benefits.† This is what a recreation, wellness, and leisure program is all about. Gaskins goes on to describe the effectiveness and positivity that impact employees. When a

John Steinbeck (811 words) Essay Example For Students

John Steinbeck (811 words) Essay John SteinbeckJohn Steinbeck was born in February 27, 1902 in Salinas, California. Salinas wasan agricultural valley in California. His father was the county treasurer andhis mother was a schoolteacher. This is where his education began from a motherthat encouraged him to read. The community was a comfortable environment for himto live in because of the encouragement of independence and initiative. Hisparents didnt want him to be a writer. They wanted him to have a trueprofession as a lawyer. His early interest in reading led him through school,with his main interest in science. At age 15 he decided to become a writer,influenced by an English teacher, and faintly remembered by schoolmates forspending so much time in his room writing. After graduating from high school, hewent to Stanford University in 1920. While he was there for five he contributedto the school paper by writing poems and comics. He took courses in science andwriting, but never received a degree. In 1925, when he left Stanford, he becamea marine biologist. He moved to New York in 1925 to work as a reporter for anewspaper. Always being a non-conformist, he was fired from the newspaper forwriting opinions instead of facts. This started the many jobs he would be a partof in his lifetime. Some of these jobs include an apprentice hod carrier, anapprentice printer, a working chemist, caretaker of Lake Tahoe Estate, surveyorin Big Sur County, and a fruit picker. He also worked other more physicallylabored jobs, such as a rancher, road worker, deck hand, cotton picker, andbricklayer. While involved in these jobs, he made many close friends that hecame to admire because of their cant and hypocrisy which he applauded andwhom all of these people soon were characters in his novels. Many of theseexperiences were the helpers to his many novels. His fruit picking andGreat Depression led him to write The Grapes of Wrath, his best known and mostambitious of his works. Also, he wrote Of Mice and Men, which was fo rmed fromhis job as a hired hand on the many farms he worked. Many things affected hiswriting of the time period of which he wrote. Things like the Great Depression,World War 2, and the Vietnam War are the major influences. World War 2 was whenhe was working for the federal government as a writer, so his works focused ongreed and materialism in the beings of modern civilization, Cannery Row and TheWayward Bus are two good examples of this idea. After World War 2, he wrotemainly of several outcasts. The Grapes of Wrath was an influential piece fromthe Great Depression and the Dust Bowl that existed in California. It is aboutthe migration of farm families, leaving their old towns to become ghosttowns. A bit of inventions came into effect during this time period. Technology was changing the way that Americans lived and worked. The playerpiano was invented in 1905. Henry Ford Model T in 1908. Everyone has heard ofthe Titanic right? Well, it sunk in 1912. One of the most important things thathas ever happened in history occurred in 1921. Yes, your right, it was the dateof the first Miss America Pageant. The Great Depression began in 1928. The greatGolden Gate Bridge was also completed in 1937. John Steinbeck and F. ScottFitzgerald seemed to divide America up into a new age or era. Fitzgerald seemedto work more with the rich, finding pity and terror in them. Steinbeck took tothe growing of California, the Depression, and poverty. John Steinbeck won thePulitzer Prize award for his book The Grapes of Wrath in 1940. He also won theNobel Peace Prize award in 1962. He was the sixth American to win the NobelPrize for literature. His novel, Tortilla Flat, received the CaliforniaCommonwealth Clubs annual gold medal for the best novel by a Californiawrit er. It was adopted for the stage and sold to Hollywood. He focused somewhaton nature, with some humor, but seemed to have sympathy for theoppressed, misfits, and the distressed. He wrote about conflicts between hisfeelings for nature and his sympathy for human beings. To be natural and notrespectable, was in his fiction, the controlling force of the universe. He wasbest known for his basis on the American experience often with sympathetic focuson the poor, eccentric, or the dispossessed. The Grapes of Wrath, which he wrotein 1939, was his best known and most famous work. It won the Pulitzer Prize in1940. This book consisted of a family that migrated from the Dust Bowl toCalifornia to finally experience death, disease, and starvation. This book, likemany of his works, turned out to also be a famous movie. He was married 3 times. .uedac606271497c50c6a945babc7c8e0f , .uedac606271497c50c6a945babc7c8e0f .postImageUrl , .uedac606271497c50c6a945babc7c8e0f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uedac606271497c50c6a945babc7c8e0f , .uedac606271497c50c6a945babc7c8e0f:hover , .uedac606271497c50c6a945babc7c8e0f:visited , .uedac606271497c50c6a945babc7c8e0f:active { border:0!important; } .uedac606271497c50c6a945babc7c8e0f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uedac606271497c50c6a945babc7c8e0f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uedac606271497c50c6a945babc7c8e0f:active , .uedac606271497c50c6a945babc7c8e0f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uedac606271497c50c6a945babc7c8e0f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uedac606271497c50c6a945babc7c8e0f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uedac606271497c50c6a945babc7c8e0f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uedac606271497c50c6a945babc7c8e0f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uedac606271497c50c6a945babc7c8e0f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uedac606271497c50c6a945babc7c8e0f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uedac606271497c50c6a945babc7c8e0f .uedac606271497c50c6a945babc7c8e0f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uedac606271497c50c6a945babc7c8e0f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Beatles To This Day Are One Of The Most Famous And EssayHe fathered two boys to his second wife. Their names were John and Tom. JohnSteinbeck died on December 20, 1968 in New York City. We searched if he died ifsome kind of illness, but we found nothing. So he must have died of naturalcauses.

Electricity and Magnetism free essay sample

As he was setting up his materials, he noticed acompass needle  deflected from  magnetic north  when the electric current from the battery he was using was switched on and off. This deflection convinced him that magnetic fields radiate from all sides of a wire carrying an electric current, just as light and heat do, and that it confirmed a direct relationship between electricity and magnetism. At the time of discovery, Orsted did not suggest any satisfactory explanation of the phenomenon, nor did he try to represent the phenomenon in a mathematical framework. However, three months later he began more intensive investigations. Soon thereafter he published his findings, proving that an electric current produces a magnetic field as it flows through a wire. The  CGS  unit of  magnetic induction  (oersted) is named in honor of his contributions to the field of electromagnetism. His findings resulted in intensive research throughout the scientific community in  electrodynamics. We will write a custom essay sample on Electricity and Magnetism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They influenced French physicist  Andre-Marie Amperes developments of a single mathematical form to represent the magnetic forces between urrent-carrying conductors. Orsteds discovery also represented a major step toward a unified concept of energy. This unification, which was observed by  Michael Faraday, extended by  James Clerk Maxwell, and partially reformulated by  Oliver Heaviside  and  Heinrich Hertz, is one of the key accomplishments of 19th century  mathematical physics. It had far-reaching consequences, one of which was the understanding of the nature oflight. Light and other  electromagnetic waves  take the form of  quantized, self-propagating  oscillatory  electromagnetic field disturbances called  photons. Differentfrequencies  of oscillation give rise to the different forms of  electromagnetic radiation, from  radio waves  at the lowest frequencies, to visible light at intermediate frequencies, to  gamma rays  at the highest frequencies. Orsted was not the only person to examine the relation between electricity and magnetism. In 1802  Gian Domenico Romagnosi, an Italian legal scholar, deflected a magnetic needle by electrostatic charges. Actually, no  galvanic  current existed in the setup and hence no electromagnetism was present. An account of the discovery was published in 1802 in an Italian newspaper, but it was largely overlooked by the contemporary scientific community. Electricity and Magnetism Electricity and magnetism is an interesting aspect of electricity. We are familiar with in our everyday lives with the phenomenon of static cling when two objects, such as a piece of Saran wrap and a wool sweater, are rubbed together, they cling. One feature of this that we dont encounter too often is static repulsion if each piece of Saran wrap is rubbed on the wool sweater, then the pieces of Saran wrap will repel when brought near each other. These phenomena are interpreted in terms of the objects acquiring anelectric charge, which has the following features: * There are two types of charge, which by convention are labelled  positive  and  negative. * Like charges repel, and unlike charges attract. * All objects may have a charge equal to an integral number of a basic unit of charge. * Charge is never created or destroyed. Electric Fields A convenient concept for describing these electricity and magnetism forces is that of an  electric field. Imagine that we have a fixed distribution of charges, such as on the plate below, and bring in the vicinity of this distribution a  test chargeQ. Figure 1  Test charge in the presence of a fixed charge distribution This charge will experience a force due to the presence of the other charges. One defines the electric field of the charge distribution as: The electric field is a property of this fixed charge distribution; the force on a different charge  Q  at the same point would be given by the product of the charge  Q  and the  same  electric field. Note that the electric field at  Q  is always in the same direction as the electric force. Because the force on a charge depends on the magnitude of the charges involved and on the distances separating the charges, the electric field varies from point to point, both in magnitude and direction. By convention, the direction of the electric field at a point is the direction of the force on a  positivetest charge placed at that point. An example of the electric field due to a positive point charge is given below. Figure 2:  Electric field lines of a positive charge Power and Magnetic Fields An electricity and magnetism phenomenon apparently unrelated to power are electrical magnetic fields. We are familiar with these forces through the interaction of compasses with the earths magnetic field, or through fridge magnets or magnets on childrens toys. Magnetic forces are explained in terms very similar to those used for electric forces: * There are two types of  magnetic poles, conventionally called North and South * Like poles repel, and opposite poles attract However, this attraction differs from electric power in one important aspect: * Unlike electric charges, magnetic poles always occur in North-South pairs; there are nomagnetic monopoles. Later on we will see at the atomic level why this is so. As in the case of electric charges, it is convenient to introduce the concept of a  magnetic field  in describing the action of magnetic forces. Magnetic field lines for a bar magnet are pictured below. Figure 3:  Magnetic field lines of a bar magnet One can interpret these lines as indicating the direction that a compass needle will point if placed at that position. The strength of magnetic fields is measured in units of  Teslas  (T). One tesla is actually a relatively strong field the earths magnetic field is of the order of 0. 001 T. Magnetic Forces On Moving Charges One basic feature is that, in the vicinity of a magnetic field, a  moving  charge will experience a force. Interestingly, the force on the charged particle is always perpendicular to the direction it is moving. Thus magnetic forces cause charged particles to change their direction of motion, but they do not change the  speed  of the particle. This property is used in high-energy particle accelerators to focus beams of particles which eventually collide with targets to produce new particles. Another way to understand these electricity and magnetism forces is to realize that if the force is perpendicular to the motion, then no work is done. Hence these forces do no work on charged particles and cannot increase their kinetic energy. If a charged particle moves through a constant magnetic field, its speed stays the same, but its direction is constantly changing. A device in which this property is used is the  mass spectrometer, which is used to identify elements. A basic mass spectrometer is pictured below. Figure 4:  Mass spectrometer In this device a beam of charged particles (ions) enter a region of a magnetic field, where they experience a force and are bent in a circular path. The amount of bending depends on the mass (and charge) of the particle, and by measuring this amount one can infer they type of particle that is present by comparing to the bending of known elements. Magnet Power From Electric Power A connection was discovered (accidentally) by Orsted over 100 years ago, who noticed that a compass needle is deflected when brought into the vicinity of a current carrying wire.